PAMP Inhibitors
PAMP inhibitors are a class of chemical compounds that specifically target pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are conserved molecular structures found in various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and are recognized by the host immune system as foreign entities. These molecular patterns include components like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in bacterial cell walls, viral RNA, and other unique microbial elements. PAMPs are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on host cells, triggering a cascade of immune responses aimed at controlling and eliminating the invading pathogens. By inhibiting PAMPs, these compounds interfere with the interaction between PAMPs and PRRs, modulating the recognition of foreign molecules and the downstream signaling pathways that follow.
The action of PAMP inhibitors can occur through various mechanisms, such as binding directly to PAMP molecules or blocking the receptors that recognize them, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or NOD-like receptors (NLRs). This inhibition disrupts the normal immune activation process, providing researchers with a way to study the molecular interactions between pathogens and host cells. By interfering with PAMP recognition, these inhibitors help elucidate the role of PAMPs in immune signaling, inflammation, and the overall coordination of the immune response to microbial invaders. Additionally, PAMP inhibitors are valuable tools in experimental models designed to explore how immune responses are initiated and regulated, allowing scientists to gain deeper insights into the fundamental mechanisms of pathogen detection and immune system activation.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapamycin | 53123-88-9 | sc-3504 sc-3504A sc-3504B | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg | $62.00 $155.00 $320.00 | 233 | |
This compound suppresses mTORC1 signaling, which is essential for cap-dependent translation initiation. By stalling this cellular machinery, the synthesis of the ADM precursor and thus PAMP is decreased due to lower translation efficiency. | ||||||
5-Azacytidine | 320-67-2 | sc-221003 | 500 mg | $280.00 | 4 | |
As a cytidine analog, 5-Azacytidine gets incorporated into RNA and DNA, causing DNA demethylation. This demethylation can silence gene expression, potentially repressing the transcription of the ADM gene, leading to reduced PAMP production. | ||||||
Trichostatin A | 58880-19-6 | sc-3511 sc-3511A sc-3511B sc-3511C sc-3511D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg | $149.00 $470.00 $620.00 $1199.00 $2090.00 | 33 | |
Trichostatin A acts as a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, leading to increased acetylation of histone proteins and an open chromatin structure. However, in certain gene contexts, it paradoxically causes transcription repression, which could result in decreased PAMP expression. | ||||||
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $65.00 $319.00 $575.00 $998.00 | 28 | |
Through its role as an active metabolite of Vitamin A, retinoic acid modulates gene expression critically involved in cell differentiation. This modulation may entail downregulation of the ADM gene within certain tissues, thereby lowering PAMP synthesis. | ||||||
Curcumin | 458-37-7 | sc-200509 sc-200509A sc-200509B sc-200509C sc-200509D sc-200509F sc-200509E | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 2.5 kg | $36.00 $68.00 $107.00 $214.00 $234.00 $862.00 $1968.00 | 47 | |
Curcumin has been shown to downregulate transcription factors and enzymes that are critical for the transcription of various genes. This activity may extend to the ADM gene, resulting in decreased synthesis of PAMP. | ||||||
Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | sc-200808 sc-200808A sc-200808B | 100 mg 500 mg 5 g | $60.00 $185.00 $365.00 | 64 | |
As a polyphenolic compound, resveratrol may disrupt the action of specific transcription factors such as NF-κB, leading to the downregulation of their target genes, including potentially the ADM gene, thus reducing PAMP levels. | ||||||
D,L-Sulforaphane | 4478-93-7 | sc-207495A sc-207495B sc-207495C sc-207495 sc-207495E sc-207495D | 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 1 g 10 g 250 mg | $150.00 $286.00 $479.00 $1299.00 $8299.00 $915.00 | 22 | |
This compound is an indirect antioxidant that activates the Nrf2 pathway, which can lead to the repression of inflammatory pathways and possibly the transcription of certain genes. This may include the downregulation of the ADM gene, decreasing PAMP expression. | ||||||
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | 989-51-5 | sc-200802 sc-200802A sc-200802B sc-200802C sc-200802D sc-200802E | 10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g | $42.00 $72.00 $124.00 $238.00 $520.00 $1234.00 | 11 | |
Epigallocatechin Gallate can decrease the expression of certain genes by inhibiting the activity of DNA methyltransferases and histone acetyltransferases, potentially leading to the downregulation of ADM gene transcription and subsequent reduction in PAMP levels. | ||||||
Metformin | 657-24-9 | sc-507370 | 10 mg | $77.00 | 2 | |
Primarily known for its effects on glucose metabolism, metformin activates AMPK, which can suppress protein synthesis. This suppression might extend to the proteins encoded by the ADM gene, including PAMP, thus reducing its expression. | ||||||
Pioglitazone | 111025-46-8 | sc-202289 sc-202289A | 1 mg 5 mg | $54.00 $123.00 | 13 | |
As a PPAR-gamma agonist, pioglitazone can alter the transcription of a wide array of genes. Through this action, it may repress the transcription of the ADM gene, resulting in decreased levels of PAMP. | ||||||