IL-34 Activators

The group of chemicals that influence the activation of IL-34, are involved in complex cellular signaling pathways including the MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and the NF-κB pathways. These chemicals either activate or inhibit specific components of these pathways, leading to an increase in IL-34 expression.Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which in turn activates the MAPK pathway. ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a key event in the MAPK pathway, stimulates the expression of IL-34. LY294002 and Wortmannin both inhibit PI3K, leading to a decrease in AKT phosphorylation and modulation of mTOR signaling. As mTOR inhibition has been shown to upregulate IL-34, these PI3K inhibitors can increase IL-34 expression. Rapamycin is a direct mTOR inhibitor, and through mTOR inhibition, Rapamycin can result in increased IL-34 expression.

SP600125, SB203580, U0126, and PD98059 are all inhibitors of different components of the MAPK pathway, specifically JNK, p38, and MEK respectively. As the activation of these components normally suppresses IL-34 expression, their inhibition can lead to increased IL-34 levels. BAY 11-7082 and Parthenolide both inhibit the NF-κB pathway, which also normally suppresses IL-34. By inhibiting NF-κB, these chemicals can lead to increased IL-34 expression. Curcumin can inhibit both the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, thus leading to increased IL-34 expression. Resveratrol modulates SIRT1, a pathway that intersects with NF-κB signaling. By activating SIRT1, Resveratrol can influence NF-κB activity and subsequently IL-34 expression.