ATR Activators
The chemical class ATR Activators refers to a diverse group of compounds that, despite their varied chemical structures and direct molecular targets, ultimately converge on the activation of the ATR serine/threonine kinase. This convergence is typically mediated through the induction of DNA damage or replication stress, which ATR is primordially poised to respond to. The chemicals listed induce a variety of DNA lesions, from base modifications and crosslinks to strand breaks and replication fork stalling.
ATR's role as a central coordinator of the cellular response to DNA insults necessitates its activation in these contexts. The activation process generally involves the recruitment of ATR to the sites of DNA damage or stalled replication, the accumulation of RPA-coated ssDNA, and the subsequent ATR-ATRIP complex formation, which facilitates ATR autophosphorylation and activation. The activators include both direct and indirect inhibitors of DNA replication and transcription.
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caffeine | 58-08-2 | sc-202514 sc-202514A sc-202514B sc-202514C sc-202514D | 50 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 5 kg | $33.00 $67.00 $97.00 $192.00 $775.00 | 13 | |
Caffeine can inhibit ATM and ATR kinase activities indirectly by antagonizing adenosine receptors, which can affect cellular energy balance and indirectly lead to ATR activation due to cellular stress. | ||||||
Hydroxyurea | 127-07-1 | sc-29061 sc-29061A | 5 g 25 g | $78.00 $260.00 | 18 | |
Hydroxyurea causes replication stress by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase, leading to ATR activation as the kinase responds to the resulting stalled replication forks. | ||||||
Camptothecin | 7689-03-4 | sc-200871 sc-200871A sc-200871B | 50 mg 250 mg 100 mg | $58.00 $186.00 $94.00 | 21 | |
Camptothecin stabilizes the DNA-topoisomerase I complex, creating DNA breaks to which ATR responds. | ||||||
Aphidicolin | 38966-21-1 | sc-201535 sc-201535A sc-201535B | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg | $84.00 $306.00 $1104.00 | 30 | |
Aphidicolin is a DNA polymerase inhibitor, inducing replication stress which can activate ATR as part of the cellular response to maintain replication fork stability. | ||||||
Etoposide (VP-16) | 33419-42-0 | sc-3512B sc-3512 sc-3512A | 10 mg 100 mg 500 mg | $51.00 $231.00 $523.00 | 63 | |
Etoposide induces DNA double-strand breaks by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase II, which can indirectly lead to ATR activation as part of the DNA damage response. | ||||||
Cisplatin | 15663-27-1 | sc-200896 sc-200896A | 100 mg 500 mg | $138.00 $380.00 | 101 | |
Cisplatin forms DNA crosslinks that cause DNA damage and replication stress, leading to ATR pathway activation to maintain genomic stability. | ||||||
2′-Deoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine | 95058-81-4 | sc-275523 sc-275523A | 1 g 5 g | $56.00 $128.00 | ||
2'-Deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine is a nucleoside analog that causes replication stress, which can lead to ATR activation as the cell responds to the stress on the replication machinery. | ||||||
Methyl methanesulfonate | 66-27-3 | sc-250376 sc-250376A | 5 g 25 g | $56.00 $133.00 | 2 | |
Methyl methanesulfonate alkylates DNA, which leads to the formation of DNA adducts and subsequent ATR activation as part of the cell's response to the damage. | ||||||