Lipopolysaccharide, Re 595

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, derived from the Re 595 strain of Salmonella minnesota, is a key component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In research, LPS from Re 595 is primarily used to simulate bacterial infection and to study the innate immune response. Upon exposure to immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, LPS interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14, initiating a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. This activation triggers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as other inflammatory mediators. Researchers use LPS Re 595 to investigate various aspects of inflammation, host-pathogen interactions, and immune cell activation. Additionally, it is employed as a standard reference material in assays for endotoxin detection, vaccine development, and immunotherapy research due to its well-characterized biological activity and reproducibility.