TDF Activators
Chemical activators of TDF can influence its activity through various biochemical pathways, primarily by modulating the phosphorylation status of the protein or its regulatory partners. Forskolin is one such activator that directly targets adenylyl cyclase, resulting in an increased concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP) within the cell. The elevated levels of cAMP activate protein kinase A (PKA), which can lead to the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of TDF. Similarly, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC), a kinase that phosphorylates a broad spectrum of proteins, including TDF. Activation by PMA can thus facilitate the phosphorylation and activation of TDF. Ionomycin, by acting as a calcium ionophore, raises intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calcium-dependent kinases capable of phosphorylating TDF. Furthermore, Calyculin A and Okadaic Acid, both inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, prevent the dephosphorylation of proteins, which can maintain TDF in a phosphorylated, active state.
Other activators work through alternative, yet interconnected pathways. Anisomycin, while primarily known as a protein synthesis inhibitor, also stimulates stress-activated protein kinases such as JNK and p38 MAP kinase, which can lead to the downstream activation of TDF. Thapsigargin contributes to TDF activation by inhibiting the SERCA pump, thereby increasing cytosolic calcium levels and potentially activating PKC, which in turn phosphorylates TDF. Bryostatin 1, through its modulation of PKC, can also promote the phosphorylation and activation of TDF. Fusicoccin plays a role in TDF activation by stabilizing interactions between 14-3-3 proteins and their partners, potentially affecting TDF if it is among those partners. Vanadate inhibits tyrosine phosphatases, leading to increased phosphorylation of tyrosine residues and possibly the activation of TDF. Finally, Hydrogen Peroxide and Zinc Pyrithione induce cellular signaling alterations through reactive oxygen species and zinc ion release, respectively, which can modulate kinase and phosphatase activities, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of TDF.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin directly activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP levels. Elevated cAMP activates PKA, which can phosphorylate target proteins, including TDF, leading to its activation. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which is known to phosphorylate a wide range of cellular proteins. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of TDF or associated regulatory proteins can lead to TDF activation. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin acts as a calcium ionophore, raising intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calcium-dependent proteins and pathways. The increase in intracellular calcium can lead to the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases, which may directly phosphorylate and activate TDF. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A sc-24000B sc-24000C | 10 µg 100 µg 500 µg 1 mg | $160.00 $750.00 $1400.00 $3000.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to increased phosphorylation of cellular proteins. By preventing dephosphorylation, it can indirectly maintain TDF in an activated state through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Similar to Calyculin A, Okadaic Acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to an accumulation of phosphorylated proteins in cells. This can result in the sustained activation of TDF due to reduced dephosphorylation. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that also activates stress-activated protein kinases like JNK and p38 MAP kinase. Activation of these kinases can lead to the activation of downstream proteins, potentially including TDF. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin is a SERCA pump inhibitor that leads to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. The resultant calcium signaling can activate proteins kinases such as PKC, which may then activate TDF through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Bryostatin 1 | 83314-01-6 | sc-201407 | 10 µg | $240.00 | 9 | |
Bryostatin 1 binds to and modulates PKC, which is involved in various signaling pathways. Through this action, Bryostatin 1 can lead to the activation of PKC which in turn could phosphorylate and activate TDF. | ||||||
Fusicoccin | 20108-30-9 | sc-200754 sc-200754A sc-200754B | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg | $408.00 $2040.00 $4080.00 | 7 | |
Fusicoccin stabilizes the interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and their binding partners, often resulting in activation of the bound proteins. If TDF interacts with 14-3-3 proteins, this stabilization could lead to its activation. | ||||||
Hydrogen Peroxide | 7722-84-1 | sc-203336 sc-203336A sc-203336B | 100 ml 500 ml 3.8 L | $30.00 $60.00 $93.00 | 27 | |
Hydrogen peroxide is a reactive oxygen species that can act as a signaling molecule, influencing various kinase pathways and potentially leading to the oxidative modification of proteins. These modifications can activate signaling pathways that phosphorylate and activate TDF. | ||||||