PHIP Activators
PHIP activators, short for Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization activators, belong to a distinctive chemical class renowned for their pivotal role in enhancing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals. The intriguing feature of PHIP activators lies in their ability to harness the unique properties of parahydrogen, an isomer of hydrogen, to significantly amplify the polarization of nuclear spins. The parahydrogen-induced polarization process involves the conversion of parahydrogen, a nuclear singlet spin state, into orthohydrogen, a spin-triplet state, through a suitable catalyst. PHIP activators facilitate this conversion and exploit the resultant hyperpolarization to boost the NMR signals of specific nuclei, offering a powerful tool for spectroscopic and imaging applications.
Chemically, PHIP activators come in various forms, often consisting of transition metal complexes or other catalytic entities. These compounds play a crucial role in mediating the parahydrogen addition reactions, serving as catalysts that facilitate the transfer of polarization from parahydrogen to the target nuclei. The design and optimization of PHIP activators involve intricate considerations of their electronic and steric properties to ensure efficient polarization transfer. As research in this field progresses, the development of novel PHIP activators continues, contributing to the refinement and expansion of parahydrogen-induced polarization techniques for a broad range of applications in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science.
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $78.00 $153.00 $740.00 $1413.00 $2091.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, leading to increased levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). PHIP is known to interact with the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), which is regulated by cAMP levels, thus forskolin can enhance PHIP activity via the cAMP pathway. | ||||||
Insulin | 11061-68-0 | sc-29062 sc-29062A sc-29062B | 100 mg 1 g 10 g | $156.00 $1248.00 $12508.00 | 82 | |
Insulin binding to its receptor initiates a cascade that activates PI3K/Akt signaling. Since PHIP is known to interact with proteins in the insulin signaling pathway, the presence of insulin can enhance the activity of PHIP. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calcium-dependent signaling pathways that PHIP may be involved in, thereby indirectly enhancing PHIP activity. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC) which is involved in numerous signaling pathways. PHIP has been shown to interact with PKC substrates, indirectly suggesting that PMA can enhance PHIP activity through PKC-mediated signaling. | ||||||
Lithium | 7439-93-2 | sc-252954 | 50 g | $214.00 | ||
Lithium chloride inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). As GSK-3 is involved in a multitude of signaling pathways, including those that PHIP may participate in, its inhibition by lithium can indirectly enhance the activity of PHIP. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
A23187 is another calcium ionophore like ionomycin, it raises intracellular calcium levels, potentially affecting calcium/calmodulin-dependent pathways that could indirectly enhance PHIP activity. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $47.00 $136.00 $492.00 $4552.00 | 74 | |
db-cAMP is a cAMP analog that can permeate cell membranes and activate cAMP-dependent pathways. This can indirectly lead to the activation of PHIP through these pathways. | ||||||
LY 294002 | 154447-36-6 | sc-201426 sc-201426A | 5 mg 25 mg | $123.00 $400.00 | 148 | |
LY294002 is a PI3K inhibitor that can alter the PI3K/Akt pathway. By modulating this pathway, it may indirectly enhance the activity of PHIP, which is known to interact with components of the PI3K/Akt pathway. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to increased phosphorylation of various proteins. This increased phosphorylation could indirectly enhance PHIP activity by affecting associated signaling cascades. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that activates stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs)/Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs). This activation could influence signaling pathways that include PHIP, thus enhancing its activity. | ||||||