PAM Activators
PAM Activators are a class of compounds that enhance the functional activity of Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase. This class includes direct suppliers of copper, such as Copper(II) sulfate, which provides the essential cofactor needed for PAM's catalytic action. Additionally, compounds like Ascorbic acid and Methimazole play a crucial role in maintaining the copper in a reduced form, ensuring that PAM has access to its active cofactor. Substrate availability is another avenue through which PAM activity can be enhanced. Dopamine and Tyramine are substrates for PAM, and their increased concentrations can lead to enhanced enzymatic action due to substrate-induced activation.
Moreover, chelating agents and thiol-containing molecules like Bathocuproine, Dimercaprol, and N-Acetylcysteine serve dual functions. They modulate copper availability and maintain its redox state, both of which are vital for PAM's activity. Histidine and Disulfiram facilitate the delivery of copper to PAM, ensuring that it is adequately supplied with its cofactor. Tetrathiomolybdate's role in regulating copper levels also supports PAM function, although indirectly. Finally, the presence of reduced Glutathione is critical for maintaining the redox environment required for PAM's activity, showcasing the interconnected nature of cellular redox states and enzyme catalysis.
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper(II) sulfate | 7758-98-7 | sc-211133 sc-211133A sc-211133B | 100 g 500 g 1 kg | $45.00 $120.00 $185.00 | 3 | |
Copper(II) sulfate supplies bioavailable copper, which is directly integrated into the active site of PAM, thereby enhancing its enzymatic function. | ||||||
L-Ascorbic acid, free acid | 50-81-7 | sc-202686 | 100 g | $45.00 | 5 | |
Ascorbic acid reduces copper ions, maintaining the copper in a reduced state necessary for PAM activity, thus indirectly improving its function. | ||||||
L-Histidine | 71-00-1 | sc-394101 sc-394101A sc-394101B sc-394101C sc-394101D | 25 g 100 g 250 g 500 g 1 kg | $53.00 $82.00 $185.00 $200.00 $332.00 | 1 | |
Histidine binds copper ions at physiological pH, facilitating their delivery to PAM and potentially enhancing the enzyme's catalytic activity. | ||||||
Bathocuproine | 4733-39-5 | sc-257115 | 500 mg | $51.00 | ||
Bathocuproine complexes with copper(I), thereby facilitating the maintenance of copper in a reduced state that is required for PAM activity. | ||||||
Methimazole | 60-56-0 | sc-205747 sc-205747A | 10 g 25 g | $69.00 $110.00 | 4 | |
Methimazole maintains the reduced state of copper through its thiol groups, indirectly supporting the enzymatic function of PAM. | ||||||
Dopamine | 51-61-6 | sc-507336 | 1 g | $290.00 | ||
Dopamine acts as a substrate for PAM, and increased substrate availability can enhance the functional activity of the enzyme. | ||||||
Disulfiram | 97-77-8 | sc-205654 sc-205654A | 50 g 100 g | $52.00 $87.00 | 7 | |
Disulfiram can bind to copper, potentially increasing its bioavailability for PAM and indirectly enhancing the enzyme's activity. | ||||||
Glutathione, reduced | 70-18-8 | sc-29094 sc-29094A | 10 g 1 kg | $76.00 $2050.00 | 8 | |
Reduced Glutathione maintains copper in a reduced state, which is crucial for PAM activity, indirectly supporting its enzymatic function. | ||||||
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine | 616-91-1 | sc-202232 sc-202232A sc-202232C sc-202232B | 5 g 25 g 1 kg 100 g | $33.00 $73.00 $265.00 $112.00 | 34 | |
N-Acetylcysteine contributes to the reduction of copper and supports PAM activity by maintaining copper in an active state. | ||||||