GM2-AP Activators
GM2-AP Activators are a curated group of chemical compounds that directly or indirectly enhance the functional activity of GM2 Ganglioside Activator Protein (GM2-AP) by modulating the lipid and ionic environments critical for its function. Phosphatidylserine and Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, through their incorporation into the cellular membranes, specifically enhance GM2-AP's affinity and interaction with the lipid-rich milieu of its functional sites, thereby facilitating the catabolism of gangliosides. Sphingosine and Ceramide, as integral components of the lipid signaling pathways, further refine the membrane characteristics conducive to the enzymatic activity of GM2-AP. Cholesterol sulfate, by modulating membrane fluidity, and lysophosphatidylcholine, by influencing membrane curvature, both contribute to creating an optimal environment for the GM2-AP-mediated breakdown of gangliosides.
Concurrently, the functionality of GM2-AP is augmented by the action of small molecules that influence ionic gradients and cellular signaling cascades. The elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, via the action of cAMP itself, indirectly boosts the enzymatic activity of GM2-AP through the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which may phosphorylate proteins associated with the lysosomal membrane, consequently promoting the hydrolysis of GM2 gangliosides by GM2-AP. Manganese (II) chloride serves as a vital cofactor, enhancing the catalytic efficiency of GM2-AP. The ionophore-mediated increase in intracellular calcium levels, particularly by the action of Calcium ionophore A23187, is another pathway through which the activity of GM2-AP is indirectly enhanced, given the importance of calcium ions in lysosomal enzyme function.
SEE ALSO...
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-α-Lecithin, Egg Yolk, Highly Purified | 8002-43-5 | sc-203096 | 250 mg | $135.00 | ||
Phosphatidylserine on the cellular membranes can enhance the activity of GM2-AP by improving its association with the lipid-rich environments where GM2-AP normally functions in the catabolism of gangliosides. | ||||||
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate | 60-92-4 | sc-217584 sc-217584A sc-217584B sc-217584C sc-217584D sc-217584E | 100 mg 250 mg 5 g 10 g 25 g 50 g | $116.00 $179.00 $265.00 $369.00 $629.00 $1150.00 | ||
cAMP can indirectly enhance GM2-AP by activating PKA, which can phosphorylate membrane-associated proteins, potentially increasing the recruitment and activity of GM2-AP at the lysosomal membrane for the breakdown of GM2 gangliosides. | ||||||
D-erythro-Sphingosine | 123-78-4 | sc-3546 sc-3546A sc-3546B sc-3546C sc-3546D sc-3546E | 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg 1 g 5 g 10 g | $90.00 $194.00 $510.00 $2448.00 $9384.00 $15300.00 | 2 | |
Sphingosine, as a part of sphingolipid metabolism, can facilitate the functional activity of GM2-AP by altering the lipid microenvironment, which may enhance GM2-AP's affinity for its substrates. | ||||||
Manganese(II) chloride beads | 7773-01-5 | sc-252989 sc-252989A | 100 g 500 g | $19.00 $31.00 | ||
Manganese ions can act as a cofactor and are known to enhance the enzymatic activity of various lysosomal enzymes, potentially increasing the efficacy of GM2-AP in the hydrolysis of gangliosides. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
A23187 increases intracellular calcium levels, which can enhance the activity of GM2-AP as calcium ions are important for the optimal activity of many lysosomal enzymes. | ||||||
D-Galactose | 59-23-4 | sc-202564 | 100 g | $288.00 | 4 | |
Galactose can potentially enhance GM2-AP activity indirectly by affecting the glycosylation status of cellular proteins, including GM2-AP, thus enhancing its stability or substrate affinity. | ||||||
Cholesterol 3-sulfate sodium salt | 2864-50-8 | sc-202538 sc-202538A | 5 mg 25 mg | $57.00 $109.00 | ||
Cholesterol sulfate is involved in the regulation of membrane fluidity and can indirectly enhance the activity of GM2-AP by optimizing the membrane environment where GM2-AP interacts with its lipid substrate. | ||||||
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $66.00 $325.00 $587.00 $1018.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid can influence the expression of various proteins and may indirectly enhance the functional activity of GM2-AP by affecting gene expression and protein maturation processes, which could lead to an increased functional pool of GM2-AP in the lysosomes. | ||||||
C2 Ceramide | 3102-57-6 | sc-201375 sc-201375A | 5 mg 25 mg | $124.00 $460.00 | 12 | |
Ceramide can alter lysosomal membrane composition, potentially facilitating the enhanced activity of GM2-AP through improved substrate interaction or by affecting the enzyme's conformation for better activity. | ||||||
L-α-Lysophosphatidylcholine (from egg yolk) | 9008-30-4 | sc-473611 sc-473611A sc-473611B sc-473611C | 25 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g | $87.00 $235.00 $607.00 $1102.00 | 1 | |
Lysophosphatidylcholine can affect membrane curvature and fluidity, which may enhance the functional interaction between GM2-AP and its lipid substrates within the lysosomal membrane. | ||||||