Emi2 Activators
Emi2 Activators comprise a specialized group of chemical compounds that play a crucial role in the regulation of the cell cycle by specifically targeting and enhancing the activity of Emi2, which is a key protein in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during meiosis. These activators function through various biochemical mechanisms to ensure that Emi2 effectively inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a pivotal ubiquitin ligase necessary for progression through and exit from meiosis. By stabilizing Emi2 against degradation or enhancing its inhibitory interaction with APC/C, these activators contribute to the precise temporal control of the meiotic cell cycle. Some activators may increase the phosphorylation status of Emi2, thereby heightening its inhibitory effect on APC/C. This phosphorylation is critical, as it may prevent premature degradation of cyclins and secure the arrest of the cell cycle at the metaphase II stage, which is essential for oocyte maturation and subsequent fertilization.
Furthermore, Emi2 Activators may interact with regulatory pathways that govern Emi2's subcellular localization, stability, and inhibitory activity. For instance, certain compounds could promote the association of Emi2 with members of the spindle assembly checkpoint, which reinforces the metaphase arrest by preventing the activation of APC/C. Other activators might bind directly to Emi2 and induce conformational changes that protect it from proteasomal degradation, thus maintaining its activity throughout the metaphase arrest. These biochemical reactions are finely tuned, ensuring that Emi2 remains active until the precise moment when the oocyte is ready to proceed to anaphase II and eventually to the completion of meiosis.
Items 1 to 10 of 11 total
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
Calcium ionophore A23187 increases intracellular calcium concentrations. Elevated calcium levels can activate the Calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), which in turn has been shown to phosphorylate Emi2, leading to its activation as a spindle assembly checkpoint inhibitor during oocyte meiosis. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $78.00 $153.00 $740.00 $1413.00 $2091.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP levels in cells. Increased cAMP activates PKA, which can phosphorylate proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, potentially including Emi2, thus enhancing its role in arresting the cell cycle at metaphase during oocyte maturation. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. Inhibition of these phosphatases can lead to increased phosphorylation levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins, indirectly enhancing the activity of Emi2 in meiotic arrest. | ||||||
MG-132 [Z-Leu- Leu-Leu-CHO] | 133407-82-6 | sc-201270 sc-201270A sc-201270B | 5 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $60.00 $265.00 $1000.00 | 163 | |
MG132 is a proteasome inhibitor that leads to the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins. Since Emi2 functions to inhibit the APC/C by preventing substrate polyubiquitination, MG132's action can enhance the inhibitory effect of Emi2 on the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $163.00 $800.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A, like okadaic acid, inhibits protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. This results in enhanced phosphorylation of cell cycle regulators, which could indirectly sustain the activity of Emi2 in maintaining meiotic arrest. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC) which has numerous cellular targets, potentially including proteins that could phosphorylate Emi2 or its regulators, thereby enhancing its activity and its role in preventing premature anaphase onset. | ||||||
8-Bromo-cAMP | 76939-46-3 | sc-201564 sc-201564A | 10 mg 50 mg | $126.00 $328.00 | 30 | |
8-Br-cAMP is a cell-permeable cAMP analog that activates PKA. PKA-mediated phosphorylation cascades may enhance the activity of Emi2 by modifying proteins involved in the cell cycle arrest at metaphase. | ||||||
8-Bromo-cGMP | 51116-01-9 | sc-200316 sc-200316A | 10 mg 50 mg | $104.00 $354.00 | 7 | |
8-Br-cGMP is a cell-permeable cGMP analog that activates PKG. PKG can phosphorylate cellular proteins, potentially altering proteins that interact with Emi2, thus supporting its function in metaphase arrest of oocytes. | ||||||
Taxol | 33069-62-4 | sc-201439D sc-201439 sc-201439A sc-201439E sc-201439B sc-201439C | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg 100 mg 250 mg 1 g | $41.00 $74.00 $221.00 $247.00 $738.00 $1220.00 | 39 | |
Taxol stabilizes microtubules and can activate the spindle assembly checkpoint. This activation could enhance the functional activity of Emi2 by supporting its role in preventing the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) from triggering anaphase. | ||||||
Protein Kinase Inhibitor, DMAP | 938-55-6 | sc-203220 | 100 mg | $54.00 | ||
6-DMAP is a kinase inhibitor that can inhibit MPF (maturation promoting factor), which could lead to the activation of spindle assembly checkpoints and indirectly enhance the activity of Emi2, which is pivotal in maintaining meiotic arrest. | ||||||