IL-2R Activators
The Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R) is an integral membrane protein complex found on the surface of certain immune cells, notably T lymphocytes. The receptor is composed of three subunits: alpha (CD25), beta (CD122), and gamma (CD132), each playing a pivotal role in the receptor's structure and function. The primary function of IL-2R is to bind to its ligand, interleukin-2 (IL-2), a cytokine instrumental in regulating the immune system. Upon binding to IL-2, IL-2R transduces signals that are essential for the proliferation, development, and differentiation of T cells, which are central to the body's adaptive immune response. The expression of IL-2R is tightly regulated and occurs in response to various immunological stimuli, which can lead to the rapid expansion and activation of T-cell populations during an immune response. The dynamic nature of IL-2R expression is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and for the quick response to pathogenic challenges.
A variety of chemical compounds have been identified that can influence the expression of IL-2R on the surface of immune cells. These activators interact with cellular signaling pathways and influence gene transcription processes, leading to upregulation of IL-2R expression. Such compounds include Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which activates protein kinase C, thereby enhancing transcription factors that increase IL-2R gene expression. Concanavalin A stimulates cellular proliferation and specifically stimulates the upregulation of IL-2R as a part of T-cell activation. Retinoic acid and Vitamin D3 also play roles in promoting the differentiation and proliferation of T-cells, leading to increased IL-2R expression. Other compounds, such as Cyclosporin A and Lithium chloride, can paradoxically elevate IL-2R expression through indirect pathways despite their primary functions. Furthermore, histone deacetylase inhibitors like Sodium butyrate can promote the transcription of IL-2R genes by modifying chromatin accessibility. These insights into the regulation of IL-2R expression contribute significantly to our understanding of immune cell function and the complex network of intracellular signaling that underlies immune responses.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA directly activates protein kinase C, which can lead to the upregulation of transcription factors associated with IL-2R gene expression. This activation often results in the increased surface expression of IL-2R on T-cells. | ||||||
Concanavalin A | 11028-71-0 | sc-203007 sc-203007A sc-203007B | 50 mg 250 mg 1 g | $119.00 $364.00 $947.00 | 17 | |
Concanavalin A, by binding to specific carbohydrate moieties on the T-cell surface, induces cellular proliferation and can specifically stimulate the upregulation of IL-2R as a part of T-cell activation. | ||||||
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $66.00 $325.00 $587.00 $1018.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid can enhance the differentiation of T-cells and the consequent upsurge in IL-2R expression by activating nuclear hormone receptors that act as transcription factors for genes encoding the IL-2R subunits. | ||||||
Cyclosporin A | 59865-13-3 | sc-3503 sc-3503-CW sc-3503A sc-3503B sc-3503C sc-3503D | 100 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g 25 g 100 g | $63.00 $92.00 $250.00 $485.00 $1035.00 $2141.00 | 69 | |
Despite its primary immunosuppressive function, Cyclosporin A can paradoxically elevate IL-2R expression on T-cells under certain immunological challenges by inhibiting the calcineurin pathway indirectly leading to the upregulation of other pathways that increase IL-2R expression. | ||||||
Calcium dibutyryladenosine cyclophosphate | 362-74-3 | sc-482205 | 25 mg | $147.00 | ||
This cyclic AMP analogue bypasses cell surface receptors to directly stimulate intracellular cAMP pathways, leading to the enhancement of IL-2R expression as part of a broader increase in immune cell activation markers. | ||||||
Lithium | 7439-93-2 | sc-252954 | 50 g | $214.00 | ||
Lithium chloride can potentiate the expression of IL-2R on lymphocytes by altering intracellular signaling pathways, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition, which has downstream effects on T-cell activation and IL-2R expression levels. | ||||||
Sodium Butyrate | 156-54-7 | sc-202341 sc-202341B sc-202341A sc-202341C | 250 mg 5 g 25 g 500 g | $31.00 $47.00 $84.00 $222.00 | 19 | |
Sodium butyrate can induce histone hyperacetylation, easing the transcriptional accessibility of IL-2R genes, thereby promoting the increased expression of IL-2R on the surfaces of immune cells. | ||||||
Cholecalciferol | 67-97-0 | sc-205630 sc-205630A sc-205630B | 1 g 5 g 10 g | $71.00 $163.00 $296.00 | 2 | |
Cholecalciferol, through its receptor, can stimulate the transcription of genes that are crucial for T-cell activation and proliferation, leading to an upsurge in IL-2R expression as T-cells become primed for response. | ||||||
PGE2 | 363-24-6 | sc-201225 sc-201225C sc-201225A sc-201225B | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 50 mg | $57.00 $159.00 $275.00 $678.00 | 37 | |
PGE2 can induce cyclic AMP synthesis, which in turn can stimulate the enhancement of IL-2R expression by elevating the transcription of genes encoding IL-2R, reflecting its diverse role in immune response. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $28.00 $38.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol, by activating beta-adrenergic receptors, can cause an increase in intracellular cAMP, which may promote the transcription of activation-associated genes, including those for IL-2R, leading to heightened IL-2R expression on T-cells. | ||||||