Synaptotagmin XII Activators
Synaptotagmin XII play a significant role in modulating its function in neurotransmitter release. Calcium Chloride and Ionomycin are direct activators that increase intracellular calcium levels. This elevation in calcium ions is crucial because Synaptotagmin XII requires calcium to bind to its C2 domains, a process indispensable for the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. Bromo-A23187, another calcium ionophore, operates in a similar fashion by facilitating the influx of calcium ions into the cellular cytoplasm, thereby enabling Synaptotagmin XII to advance vesicle fusion events. Thapsigargin and Cyclopiazonic Acid are indirect activators that inhibit the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), leading to a rise in cytosolic calcium which subsequently activates the protein. Additionally, Ryanodine targets the ryanodine receptor to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum, thus also promoting the activation of Synaptotagmin XII.
The activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is another pathway through which Synaptotagmin XII is modulated, albeit indirectly. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) serves as a potent activator of PKC which then phosphorylates Synaptotagmin XII, enhancing its activity in the exocytosis process. Analogously, 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8) and OAG (1-Oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol), both analogs of diacylglycerol, activate PKC. The activation of PKC leads to the phosphorylation of Synaptotagmin XII, thereby modulating its role in synaptic vesicle trafficking. BAPTA-AM, a calcium chelator, indirectly triggers the release of calcium from intracellular stores after being hydrolyzed inside the cell, which can then activate Synaptotagmin XII by increasing the local calcium concentration. Fura-2 AM is a unique tool in this context; while not an activator itself, it is a calcium indicator that, after cellular hydrolysis, can lead to calcium mobilization that activates Synaptotagmin XII. These chemical activators, through their various mechanisms, ensure the proper functioning of Synaptotagmin XII in the critical process of synaptic transmission.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium chloride anhydrous | 10043-52-4 | sc-207392 sc-207392A | 100 g 500 g | $66.00 $262.00 | 1 | |
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are essential for the function of Synaptotagmin XII as a trigger for neurotransmitter release. Calcium Chloride, when introduced into the cellular environment, increases the availability of Ca2+, which in turn directly activates Synaptotagmin XII by binding to its C2 domains, initiating the vesicle fusion process. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Synaptotagmin XII is phosphorylated by PKC, which can enhance its binding to phospholipids and its role in vesicle fusion. PMA, therefore, indirectly activates Synaptotagmin XII through the activation of PKC, which subsequently phosphorylates and activates Synaptotagmin XII. | ||||||
1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol | 60514-48-9 | sc-202397 sc-202397A | 10 mg 50 mg | $47.00 $254.00 | 2 | |
DiC8 is a synthetic analog of diacylglycerol (DAG), which is a physiological activator of PKC. By activating PKC, DiC8 indirectly activates Synaptotagmin XII as PKC phosphorylates and increases the activity of Synaptotagmin XII in the regulation of vesicle trafficking. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium concentration. Elevated calcium levels promote the activation of Synaptotagmin XII by allowing it to bind to its C2 domains, which is critical for its role in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. | ||||||
PGA2 (Prostaglandin A2) | 13345-50-1 | sc-201215 sc-201215A | 1 mg 10 mg | $214.00 $418.00 | 2 | |
OAG is another DAG analog that activates PKC. Through the activation of PKC, OAG indirectly activates Synaptotagmin XII by promoting its phosphorylation and enhancing its activity in synaptic vesicle exocytosis. | ||||||
BAPTA/AM | 126150-97-8 | sc-202488 sc-202488A | 25 mg 100 mg | $138.00 $458.00 | 61 | |
BAPTA-AM is a cell-permeable calcium chelator that, once inside the cell, is hydrolyzed and traps free calcium ions. This action indirectly leads to the release of calcium from intracellular stores, which can subsequently activate Synaptotagmin XII by increasing the local calcium concentration that it requires for vesicle fusion. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $136.00 $446.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin is a SERCA pump inhibitor which leads to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels by preventing the re-uptake of calcium into the endoplasmic reticulum. This rise in intracellular calcium activates Synaptotagmin XII by enhancing its calcium-dependent binding to phospholipids, aiding in neurotransmitter release. | ||||||
Ryanodine | 15662-33-6 | sc-201523 sc-201523A | 1 mg 5 mg | $223.00 $799.00 | 19 | |
Ryanodine selectively binds to and modulates the ryanodine receptor, which results in the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum. The increase in intracellular calcium concentration directly activates Synaptotagmin XII by promoting its binding to membranes, which is crucial for its role in vesicle docking and fusion. | ||||||
Cyclopiazonic Acid | 18172-33-3 | sc-201510 sc-201510A | 10 mg 50 mg | $176.00 $624.00 | 3 | |
Cyclopiazonic acid is an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). Inhibition of SERCA leads to increased cytosolic calcium levels, which then activate Synaptotagmin XII by promoting its interaction with the SNARE complex and phospholipids during the exocytosis process. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
Bromo-A23187 is a calcium ionophore, similar to ionomycin, and it increases intracellular calcium. Elevated cytosolic calcium levels activate Synaptotagmin XII by enhancing its role in calcium-dependent exocytosis. | ||||||