FAM32A Activators
FAM32A employ various molecular mechanisms to influence the phosphorylation state of the protein, which is a key regulatory process for protein function. Forskolin is known to directly stimulate adenylyl cyclase, resulting in an increased concentration of cAMP within the cell. The surge in cAMP levels triggers the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which, in turn, can phosphorylate FAM32A, provided that FAM32A has the requisite PKA phosphorylation sites. Similarly, isoproterenol works through a cascade that also raises cAMP levels, thereby activating PKA, which may target FAM32A for phosphorylation. The use of cell-permeable cAMP analogs, such as 8-Bromo-cAMP and dibutyryl-cAMP, bypasses the cell surface receptors and directly activates PKA, leading to a similar phosphorylation event on FAM32A.
cAMP and PKA, other kinase pathways are also involved in the regulation of FAM32A. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC), which can phosphorylate FAM32A if it possesses serine/threonine phosphorylation sites that are recognized by PKC. Ionomycin increases intracellular calcium levels, which can activate a range of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases that could potentially target FAM32A for phosphorylation. Growth factors such as EGF engage their receptors to initiate signaling cascades involving MAP kinases like ERK, which may phosphorylate FAM32A if it is within their substrate range. Insulin, through its receptor, can initiate signaling that activates the PI3K and Akt pathways, possibly culminating in the phosphorylation of FAM32A if it is an Akt substrate. Anisomycin, by activating JNK, another MAP kinase, could also target FAM32A for phosphorylation. In contrast, chemicals like okadaic acid and calyculin A inhibit protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, leading to a net increase in the phosphorylation of proteins including FAM32A, as it prevents the removal of phosphate groups. Lastly, retinoic acid, which modulates numerous signaling pathways, may influence the activity of kinases that phosphorylate FAM32A, thus impacting the activation state of the protein.
SEE ALSO...
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA is known to activate protein kinase C (PKC), which can lead to the phosphorylation and activation of various downstream proteins. If FAM32A is a substrate for PKC, the activation of PKC by PMA could result in the phosphorylation and functional activation of FAM32A. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calcium-dependent proteins such as calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK). If FAM32A activity is regulated by calcium/CaMK-dependent phosphorylation, ionomycin could indirectly enhance FAM32A activation. | ||||||
Insulin | 11061-68-0 | sc-29062 sc-29062A sc-29062B | 100 mg 1 g 10 g | $153.00 $1224.00 $12239.00 | 82 | |
Insulin binds to its receptor and activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. If FAM32A is a downstream effector of Akt, insulin could promote the phosphorylation and activation of FAM32A through this pathway. | ||||||
1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol | 60514-48-9 | sc-202397 sc-202397A | 10 mg 50 mg | $46.00 $249.00 | 2 | |
DiC8 is a synthetic analog of diacylglycerol (DAG) and an activator of PKC. By activating PKC, DiC8 may facilitate the phosphorylation and activation of FAM32A if it is a PKC substrate. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $27.00 $37.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol is a beta-adrenergic agonist that increases cAMP levels, leading to PKA activation. PKA then phosphorylates various targets, potentially including FAM32A, which could result in its activation. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that also activates stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) like JNK. If FAM32A is a target of JNK, anisomycin-induced JNK activation could lead to the functional activation of FAM32A. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $160.00 $750.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), which leads to increased phosphorylation levels of proteins. If FAM32A is normally dephosphorylated by PP1 or PP2A, inhibition by Calyculin A could result in its activation. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Similar to Calyculin A, Okadaic Acid is a potent inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A, potentially leading to the sustained phosphorylation and activation of proteins, including possibly FAM32A. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin is a SERCA pump inhibitor that causes an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. Elevated calcium can activate numerous calcium-sensitive signaling molecules, which might include kinases that phosphorylate and activate FAM32A. | ||||||
Hydrogen Peroxide | 7722-84-1 | sc-203336 sc-203336A sc-203336B | 100 ml 500 ml 3.8 L | $30.00 $60.00 $93.00 | 27 | |
H2O2 serves as a signaling molecule that can activate various cellular pathways, including tyrosine kinases and the MAPK pathway. Activation of these pathways may lead to the phosphorylation and functional activation of FAM32A. | ||||||