Freund′s Incomplete Adjuvant: sc-3726

Freund′s Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) is a crucial component in scientific research, particularly in immunology and vaccine development. Its mechanism of action lies in its ability to enhance immune responses to antigens by creating an immunogenic environment without the use of complete adjuvants like Freund′s Complete Adjuvant (FCA). FIA typically consists of mineral oil combined with surfactants but lacks the mycobacterial components present in FCA, making it safer for use in research. Upon administration, FIA forms a depot at the injection site, allowing for the slow release of antigens and sustained exposure to immune cells. This results in the activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, which subsequently prime and activate antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes. Researchers utilize FIA extensively in experimental models to induce controlled immune responses, making it particularly suitable for studies where excessive inflammation or granuloma formation, typical of FCA, is undesirable. FIA is instrumental in vaccine development, immunization protocols, and investigations into immune regulation and host defense mechanisms, providing valuable insights into the modulation of immune responses and the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.

Freund′s Incomplete Adjuvant References:

1. Freund′s complete adjuvant has a negative impact on egg laying frequency in immunised chickens.  |  Bollen, LS. and Hau, J. 1999. In Vivo. 13: 107-8. PMID: 10218142
2. Specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to collagen in guinea-pigs after immunization with collagen and Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Gentner, GJ. and Adelmann, BC. 1976. Immunology. 31: 87-94. PMID: 1027721
3. Inhibitory effects of incomplete Freund′s adjuvant on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.  |  Zamora, A., et al. 2002. Autoimmunity. 35: 21-8. PMID: 11908703
4. Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of toll-like receptor signaling.  |  Gavin, AL., et al. 2006. Science. 314: 1936-8. PMID: 17185603
5. A comparison of Freund′s Complete and Freund′s Modified Adjuvants used with a contraceptive vaccine in wild horses (Equus caballus).  |  Lyda, RO., et al. 2005. J Zoo Wildl Med. 36: 610-6. PMID: 17312717
6. Comparative study of the effects of aluminum adjuvants and Freund′s incomplete adjuvant on the immune response to an Edwardsiella tarda major antigen.  |  Jiao, XD., et al. 2010. Vaccine. 28: 1832-7. PMID: 20006568
7. Immunization with DNA topoisomerase I and Freund′s complete adjuvant induces skin and lung fibrosis and autoimmunity via interleukin-6 signaling.  |  Yoshizaki, A., et al. 2011. Arthritis Rheum. 63: 3575-85. PMID: 21792823
8. Theacrine alleviates chronic inflammation by enhancing TGF-β-mediated shifts via TGF-β/SMAD pathway in Freund′s incomplete adjuvant-induced rats.  |  Gao, M., et al. 2020. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 522: 743-748. PMID: 31791581
9. Isolation and properties of a macromolecular, water-soluble, immuno-adjuvant fraction from the cell wall of Mycobacterium smegmatis.  |  Adam, A., et al. 1972. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 69: 851-4. PMID: 4502937
10. Experimental allergic arthritis in the rabbit: alterations in the cellularity and the rate of cellular proliferation in the synovial linings of the challenged joints of rabbits immunized with antigen in Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Henderson, B., et al. 1982. Br J Exp Pathol. 63: 5-12. PMID: 7066183
11. Rabbit granulomatous enterocolitis induced by injection of muramyl dipeptide emulsified with Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Kuroe, K., et al. 1995. J Gastroenterol. 30: 472-7. PMID: 7550857
12. Extraintestinal manifestations of granulomatous enterocolitis induced in rabbits by long-term submucosal administration of muramyl dipeptide emulsified with Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Kuroe, K., et al. 1996. J Gastroenterol. 31: 199-206. PMID: 8680539
13. Induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: vaccination with whole cell bacterins of Moraxella bovis mixed with Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Hughes, DE., et al. 1977. Am J Vet Res. 38: 1905-7. PMID: 931173