Freund′s Incomplete Adjuvant: sc-24019

Freund′s Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) is a widely utilized immunological tool in research aimed at understanding immune responses and developing vaccines. FIA is composed of mineral oil mixed with heat-killed mycobacteria, typically Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium butyricum. Its main function is to enhance the immunogenicity of antigens by promoting a robust and long-lasting immune response. The mechanism of action of FIA involves the activation of innate immune pathways, particularly the stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells and macrophages. This activation leads to the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, facilitating the maturation and activation of T cells and B cells. Research utilizing FIA has contributed significantly to our understanding of immunology, including the mechanisms of immune cell activation, differentiation, and memory formation. Additionally, FIA has been instrumental in the development of vaccines against various infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune disorders. Studies have investigated different formulations and administration routes of FIA to optimize its adjuvant properties while minimizing adverse reactions. Furthermore, FIA remains a valuable tool in preclinical research for testing the immunogenicity and efficacy of novel vaccine candidates, facilitating immunology research into various applications.

Freund′s Incomplete Adjuvant References:

1. Freund′s complete adjuvant has a negative impact on egg laying frequency in immunised chickens.  |  Bollen, LS. and Hau, J. 1999. In Vivo. 13: 107-8. PMID: 10218142
2. Specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to collagen in guinea-pigs after immunization with collagen and Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Gentner, GJ. and Adelmann, BC. 1976. Immunology. 31: 87-94. PMID: 1027721
3. Inhibitory effects of incomplete Freund′s adjuvant on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.  |  Zamora, A., et al. 2002. Autoimmunity. 35: 21-8. PMID: 11908703
4. Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of toll-like receptor signaling.  |  Gavin, AL., et al. 2006. Science. 314: 1936-8. PMID: 17185603
5. A comparison of Freund′s Complete and Freund′s Modified Adjuvants used with a contraceptive vaccine in wild horses (Equus caballus).  |  Lyda, RO., et al. 2005. J Zoo Wildl Med. 36: 610-6. PMID: 17312717
6. Comparative study of the effects of aluminum adjuvants and Freund′s incomplete adjuvant on the immune response to an Edwardsiella tarda major antigen.  |  Jiao, XD., et al. 2010. Vaccine. 28: 1832-7. PMID: 20006568
7. Immunization with DNA topoisomerase I and Freund′s complete adjuvant induces skin and lung fibrosis and autoimmunity via interleukin-6 signaling.  |  Yoshizaki, A., et al. 2011. Arthritis Rheum. 63: 3575-85. PMID: 21792823
8. Theacrine alleviates chronic inflammation by enhancing TGF-β-mediated shifts via TGF-β/SMAD pathway in Freund′s incomplete adjuvant-induced rats.  |  Gao, M., et al. 2020. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 522: 743-748. PMID: 31791581
9. Isolation and properties of a macromolecular, water-soluble, immuno-adjuvant fraction from the cell wall of Mycobacterium smegmatis.  |  Adam, A., et al. 1972. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 69: 851-4. PMID: 4502937
10. Experimental allergic arthritis in the rabbit: alterations in the cellularity and the rate of cellular proliferation in the synovial linings of the challenged joints of rabbits immunized with antigen in Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Henderson, B., et al. 1982. Br J Exp Pathol. 63: 5-12. PMID: 7066183
11. Rabbit granulomatous enterocolitis induced by injection of muramyl dipeptide emulsified with Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Kuroe, K., et al. 1995. J Gastroenterol. 30: 472-7. PMID: 7550857
12. Extraintestinal manifestations of granulomatous enterocolitis induced in rabbits by long-term submucosal administration of muramyl dipeptide emulsified with Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Kuroe, K., et al. 1996. J Gastroenterol. 31: 199-206. PMID: 8680539
13. Induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: vaccination with whole cell bacterins of Moraxella bovis mixed with Freund′s incomplete adjuvant.  |  Hughes, DE., et al. 1977. Am J Vet Res. 38: 1905-7. PMID: 931173